Orthodontics Before and After Jaw Surgery – Book Chapter at Springer

Nov 7, 2023
Dr. Julia Steinmaier (née Funke), together with Dr. Werner Schupp and Dr. Julia Haubrich, has written the chapter “Orthodontic Therapy in the Context of Orthognathic Surgery” — in German, roughly “Kieferorthopädische Behandlung im Zusammenhang mit einer Kieferoperation.” It was published in 2023 in the second volume of the textbook “Fundamentals of Craniofacial Malformations” (Springer, editor: Ulrich Meyer). The book addresses malformations and misalignments of the jaw and face; the second volume is dedicated to treatment principles. Complete citation: Schupp W, Funke J, Haubrich J. Orthodontic Therapy in the Context of Orthognathic Surgery. In: Meyer U (Hrsg.), Fundamentals of Craniofacial Malformations: Vol. 2, Treatment Principles. Springer International Publishing 2023, S. 155–183, DOI 10.1007/978-3-031-28069-6_13. The book and chapter are aimed at professionals. For patients, we have summarized below how orthodontic treatment works in connection with jaw surgery. To the book at the publisher: Chapter at Springer (DOI 10.1007/978-3-031-28069-6_13)

What the chapter is about

The chapter describes the combined treatment of orthodontics and jaw surgery for jaw misalignments that cannot be corrected by tooth movement alone. The foundation is careful diagnostics: functional and esthetic analysis, model analysis, and skull measurements from lateral cephalometric radiographs or three-dimensional imaging. At the beginning of planning, a decision is made whether to perform orthodontic preparation first (“orthodontics first”) or whether surgery can be performed directly (“surgery first”); the second approach requires that the dental arches already fit together and can shorten treatment time. During preparation, the teeth are aligned so that the misalignment becomes initially more pronounced before surgery, and the dental arches fit together harmoniously afterward. Treatment and surgery are now planned digitally; the chapter shows a case that was planned using planning software (OnyxCeph3).

When orthodontics and jaw surgery come together

If the cause of a misalignment lies not only with the teeth but in the position of the jaws relative to each other — for example, a severely protruding or receding lower jaw — this often cannot be corrected in adults by tooth movement alone. Growth is complete; the jaws can no longer be guided. In such cases, a combination of orthodontic treatment and surgery can be appropriate.

Which misalignments are treated in combination

  • Ausgeprägter Rückbiss des Unterkiefers: Die Kieferorthopädie stellt die Zahnbögen so ein, dass sie nach der Operation zueinander passen; die Kieferchirurgie verlagert den Unterkiefer nach vorn.
  • Ausgeprägter Vorbiss des Unterkiefers: Die Kieferorthopädie richtet die Zähne in jedem Kiefer so aus, wie sie ohne die Fehlstellung stehen würden; die Kieferchirurgie verlagert den Unterkiefer zurück, den Oberkiefer nach vorn oder beide Kiefer.
  • Skelettal offener Biss, bei dem die Frontzähne wegen der Kieferform nicht aufeinandertreffen: Die Kieferorthopädie ordnet die Zahnbögen; die Kieferchirurgie verändert die Neigung der Kiefer, häufig am Oberkiefer, sodass sich der Biss schließt.
  • Gesichtsasymmetrie, etwa ein zur Seite verschobenes Kinn: Die Kieferorthopädie richtet Zahnbögen und Mittellinien aus; die Kieferchirurgie stellt die Kiefer symmetrisch ein. Eine solche Asymmetrie kann auch nach einer Kiefergelenkbeteiligung bei kindlichem Gelenkrheuma (juvenile idiopathische Arthritis) entstehen; in einer Langzeitstudie verbesserten sich nach der Operation Unterkieferlage und Gesichtssymmetrie, ohne dass sich die Kiefergelenkfunktion verschlechterte (Krarup et al. 2025)1.

The steps at a glance

  • Gemeinsame Planung: Kieferorthopädie und Kieferchirurgie legen anhand von Röntgenbildern, Modellen oder Scans fest, wohin Zähne und Kiefer gehören. Nach einer Übersichtsarbeit trifft eine dreidimensionale Planung das geplante Ergebnis eher genauer als eine zweidimensionale, die Studien sind aber nicht einheitlich (Starch-Jensen et al. 2023)2. Bei ausgeprägten Kieferfehlstellungen arbeiten wir mit einer Praxis für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie zusammen.
  • Kieferorthopädie vor der Operation: Die Zähne werden in jedem Kiefer so ausgerichtet, dass sie nach der Operation zueinander passen. Der Biss kann in dieser Phase vorübergehend ungünstiger wirken als vorher.
  • Operation: Sie übernimmt die Praxis für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, nicht unsere Praxis.
  • Kieferorthopädie nach der Operation: Feineinstellung des Bisses, danach die Sicherung des Ergebnisses mit Retainern.
How long the individual phases last depends on the initial situation, as well as whether preparation is performed or surgery can be done directly. That the direct approach shortens treatment is reported by all studies in one systematic review; however, due to their quality, this is not yet considered definitively proven (Monaghan und Ward 2021)3. We will discuss a timeline for your case after joint planning.

Questions for the conversation with oral surgery

  • Which procedure is planned for me: on the upper jaw, the lower jaw, or both?
  • Will the operation take place in a hospital, and how long will I stay there?
  • What can I eat after the operation, and when can I return to work or school?
  • What risks exist with my procedure, for example numbness of the lip or chin, and how are they managed?
  • What follow-up appointments are scheduled, and how do oral surgery and orthodontics coordinate?

Does insurance cover it?

For adults, statutory health insurance covers orthodontic treatment only in cases of severe jaw misalignments that require combined orthodontic and surgical treatment. We will tell you during the initial consultation whether your case qualifies. Retainers are typically a private expense. Whether you have statutory or private insurance: diagnostics, consultation, and care are the same for all patients at our practice. More under Costs & Insurance and Orthodontics for Adults.
Sources
  • Krarup, H., Pedersen, T., Frid, P., et al. (2025). Long-term follow-up of corrective jaw surgery including distraction osteogenesis in 32 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 54(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2024.06.001
  • Starch-Jensen, T., Hernández-Alfaro, F., Kesmez, Ö., et al. (2023). Accuracy of orthognathic surgical planning using three-dimensional virtual techniques compared with conventional two-dimensional techniques: a systematic review. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Research, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.5037/jomr.2023.14101
  • Monaghan, L., & Ward, S. (2021). Does a surgery first approach to orthognathic treatment of class III skeletal relations result in a shorter duration of treatment? A systematic review. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 59(10), 1148–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.02.008

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Authors: Dr. Werner Schupp, Dr. Julia Steinmaier (née Funke), Dr. Julia Haubrich

Source: In: Meyer U (ed). Fundamentals of Craniofacial Malformations. Vol. 2: Treatment Principles. Springer; 2023: 155–183. DOI 10.1007/978-3-031-28069-6_13

This book chapter reflects the state of research at the time of publication (2023).

Dr. Julia Steinmaier · Specialist in Orthodontics · Fachzahnärztin für Kieferorthopädie · ORCID 0000-0002-2054-8992 · Google Scholar

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